基本句型

基本结构

• 主谓，SV
• 主谓宾，SVO
• 主谓双宾，SVO1O2
• 主谓宾补
• 主系表

区分主谓宾、主谓宾补

• 双宾:一个是人(类似于人的对象/机构)一个是物
• 宾补:构成完整的一句话(逻辑上构成主谓),在宾语与补语加“是”

主系表结构中的，系动词分类

其中 be 动词包含

• is
• are
• am
• was
• were

谓语动词

每个动词必带时态：时现间在和状态

时态

谓语动词的时态

一般时态

• 一般过去时，谓语动词 did
  • 完全发生在过去，现在不这样了
• 一般现在时：谓语动词does/do
  • 第三人称单数：它/他/她 不可数名词可数名词单数
  • 强调现在：静态的现在的状态
  • 强调现在：动态的动作-现在经常性习惯动作
• 一般将来时：will+do/I+shall +do/am/is/are
  • 现在的之后
• 一般过去将来时：would+do或was/were going to do

进行时态

• 过去进行时：谓语动词 was/were+doing
• 现在进行时：谓语动词 is/am/are+doing
• 将来进行时：谓语动词 will be doing

完成时态

• 过去完成时：谓语动词had+done 过去的之前
• 现在完成时：谓语动词have/has+done 现在的之前
• 过去完成时发生在前，一般过去时发生在后
• 过去完成时：跨越了两个时间段，过去之前+过去
• 将来完成时：谓语动词will have done 将来的之前

完成时态：阶段性总结

• 过去完成时：had done
• 现在完成时：have/has done
• 将来完成时：will have done

完成进行时 强调进行的过程

• 谓语动词：have/has/had been doing

情态动词

情态动词

情态动词的使用

• 情态动词后面加动词原形，谓语动词是be，就是情态动词+be
• 情态动词一般只有现在和过去两种时态
• 情态动词没有人称的变化
• 情态动词变否定，在后面加not；变疑问，直接把情态动词提到主语前

情态动词表示“推测”：

• 可能性最高must
• 最低can’t/couldn’t

被动语态

被动语态：be done

被动语态+时态
英语以客观为主体的逻辑思维

强调· 谓语动词：

• do
• does
• did +do

非谓语动词

非谓语

• 句中一主一谓，一一搭配，其他动词降级为非谓语
• 除了谓语不能做，其他成分都可以

几种非谓语动词

• doing
• done
• to do

出现doing/done/to do就一定是非谓语吗？

• to do出现一定是非谓语
• doing/done有限制条件

非谓语动词的用途

• 相当于名词，做主语、宾语、表语(核心成分)
• 修饰名词/句子，做定语、状语(扩展成分)

非谓语动词doing/to do作主语

• Making friends is extremely important for teenagers.
• Putting your faith in the wrong place often carries a high price.
• To imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers is difficult to the point of impossibility

形式主语

• it 填补主语的空缺 真正的主语放在句尾
• It is difficult to the point of impossibility to imagine a time when highquality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.

句型模板：It is adj. (for sb) to do sth.

• It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today
• It seemed paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation

句型模板：It takes sb. some time to do sth.

• It took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft.
• In regular time it takes nine years to get a doctoral degree in humanities.

宾语：动词宾语+介词宾语

• 介词后只能接doing，不接to do
• 动词后接to do/doing, 要根据动词的习惯搭配来
• 及物动词后，非谓语动词doing/to do作宾语
• 介词后，非谓语doing作宾语
• 位于系动词后： The trick is to direct these funds better.
• 主系表结构中，主语和表语同时使用非谓语，前后形式必须保持一致

作定语(修饰成分)

• doing： 表示主动
• done： 表示被动
• to do： 表示目的
• 作定语时，不管是前置定语还是后置定语，通常翻译到名词前面，译成“…的…”.

作状语(修饰成分)

• doing： 表示主动
• done： 表示被动
• to do： 表示目的

ed到底是一般过去时还是过去分词呢

• 看意思：意思是主动-谓语
• 意思是被动-非谓语

句子的扩展

限定词:

• 冠词
• 数词
• 名词所有格
• 名词

形容词

• 形容词作定语，修饰名词，位于名词前后
• 形容词作表语，补充说明主语，位于系动词后

副词作修饰成分

• 副词修饰动词
• 副词修饰句子
• 副词修饰形容词或其他副词

形容词、副词的三种比较级别

• 原级比较：as+adj./adv.原形（比较内容）+as+比较对象
• 比较级：adj./adv.的比较级+（than比较的对象）
• 最高级：adj./adv.的最高级+（介词短语表示比较范围）

介词短语/介宾短语

• 后接名词、代词、动名词
• 补充说明事件发生的时间、地点、原因等

介词短语/介宾短语-表示时间

介词短语/介宾短语-表示地点或范围

in/at/on最常用

• at：把地点当作一个点
• on ：在一个平面
• in：立体的空间

介词短语/介宾短语-其他介词

介词短语

• 功能强大，有利于简化句子，掌握句子的主要信息

插入语

• 插入句子的成分，补充说明

主谓结构作插入语

• 表示“某人说，某人认为”
• No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.
• You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.

副词作插入语

• These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated.
• Politics, or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists.
• A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.

介词短语作插入语 Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the mainaspects of IQ tests.

并列结构

并列句=多个简单句+并列连词

表示顺接的并列连词

表示转折的并列连词-出乎意料/相反

表示选择的并列连词

表示因果的并列连词

并列句独有的特点

• 相同的成分可以省略，余下的部分保持不变

主从复合句

名词性从句

• 宾语从句： 连接词+陈述句
• 表语从句： 连接词+陈述句
• 主语从句
• 同位语从句

宾语从句

动词宾语

1
2
3
4
5

动词单个宾语：及物动词+从句
Scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.   

动词双宾语：及物动词+人+从句
Users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.

介词宾语

1
2
3

介词+宾语从句
This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between the court and politics.   
Those differences are swamped by how well each person “encode” the information.   

非谓语动词后

1
2
3
4
5

非谓语动词后也可带宾语从句   
   
You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little  future to look forward to   
   
Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals      

形式宾语

• 主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾语补足语 + 真正的宾语

1
2
3
4

宾语从句过长，且位于主谓宾补句型中，宾语从句后置，用形式宾语it代替
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.   
   
He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear” that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.

长难句分析

步骤

1. 找到插入语去掉，比如：– xx –，中间有逗号的，逗号分割sb say的
2. 找到所有谓语动词，数出个数（若是并列句谓语动词算1个）
3. 谓语动词个数 - 1 = 从句个数
4. 找到从句，因为从句有连接词好找
5. 找到主句

从句的开始与结束

• 从句一般开始于“连接词”
• 从句结束于：
  • 标点
  • 下一个连接词前
  • 第二个谓语动词前

特殊结构
主谓主谓

• The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning.
• Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share….
• In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.

主主谓谓

• When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political…
• The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media…

其他要点

中文和英语的语法不同 1、虽然都有 Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)，但是英语要求更严格，中文也可以省略部分结构 2、冠词the，不定冠词a、an 3、单数、复数形式；中文根据上下文来区分 4、时态和动词变化；中文也是根据上下文区分，动词形式不变 5、修饰语(形容词和副词) 6、相对从句，用 who、which、that修饰前面的名词；中文则是放在名词前，形容词形式 7、主谓一致，谓语必须在数量和人称上跟主语保持一致 8、介词，比如要跟 verb+ing的形式 9、代词，做主语和宾语的时候，代词是有变化的；中文则无变化

verb + ing

1. Modifying Verbs (Acting as an Adverb)

• She walked down the street singing. (Here, “singing” modifies “walked,” explaining how she walked.)
• They arrived laughing. (Here, “laughing” modifies “arrived,” explaining what they were doing while arriving.)

2. Modifying Nouns (Acting as an Adjective)

• The running water was cold. (“Running” modifies “water.”)
• He heard the crying baby. (“Crying” modifies “baby.”)

3. Acting as a Noun (Gerund)

• Swimming is my favorite sport. (“Swimming” is the subject of the sentence.)
• I enjoy reading books. (“Reading” is the object of “enjoy.”)

4. Modifying Whole Clauses (Absolute Phrase)

• The sun setting, we decided to leave. (“The sun setting” modifies the whole sentence, adding context about the timing of the decision.)
• Her arms folded, she waited patiently. (This phrase modifies the main clause, describing her state.)

5. In Prepositional Phrases

• She is interested in learning new languages.
• He apologized for being late.

6. As a Part of Continuous Tenses

• She is running fast. (Present continuous tense.)
• They were talking when I arrived. (Past continuous tense.)

7. In Reduced Relative Clauses

• The man driving the car is my friend. (Instead of “The man who is driving the car…”)
• The book lying on the table is mine. (Instead of “The book that is lying on the table…”)